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ARMED
FORCES IN PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR NIGERIAN ARMY PERSONNEL
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to examine the
challenges and prospects of the Nigeria Army (NA) Personnel in Peace Support
Operation (PSO). Nigeria being a member
of United Nations (UN) has been involved in conflict resolution in the
sub-region, region and global arena.
Hence the NA has participated in many peacekeeping and PSOs since
independence in 1960. Despite her
contributions and acknowledgement by the international community, her
participation has been fraught with problems especially in the areas of
manpower, training and logistics. The
study therefore, examined the causes of these inadequacies in order to
recommend the best way to make PSOs more effective in the NA. The main objectives of the study is
therefore, to identify what constitutes PSOs, examine the NA in PSOs, identify
the challenges affecting the NA personnel in PSO, and also examine the
prospects for the NA participation in future PSOs. The study
relied on both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data were collected and analysed
through questionnaire. Secondary data were sourced from published and
unpublished materials such as books and
relevant papers presented at various fora.
The study adopted both the descriptive and analytical methods of
conducting research. The study adopted
both qualitative and analytical methods of data analysis. It identified
specific problems which included; inadequate manpower, training and
logistics. Others are inadequate
information management, language barrier and poor funding. The research found out that the conduct of
PSOs has not been effective due to lack of inadequate logistics, training and
doctrine. The study suggested way forward for NA personnel effective
participation in future PSOs to include, education, training and
computerization. It was
recommended that Nigeria should continue to play the leading role of
maintaining peace and security in West African sub-region, Africa and the
world. Nigerian Government should
provide adequate funds for the NA for procurement and maintenance of equipment
and personnel. Lastly the DHQ should
establish mission radio stations to enhance conduct of information warfare.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Peace Support
Operations PSO
is the use
of multinational military, police and civilian personnel for prevention,
containment and termination of crisis which the UN and other international
organizations feel might threaten international peace and security.
Peace Making The art of settling
disputes or conflicts through mediation arbitration and reconciliation.
Peace Enforcement The use of force against one or more
parties to a conflict in a war situation by a multinational force. It embraces conflict suppression.
Peace Building A positive, continuous
cooperative human endeavour to build bridges between conflicting nations and
groups.
Peace Keeping The prevention, containment,
moderation, and termination of hostilities, through the medium of peaceful
third party intervention organized and directed internationally using
multinational forces of soldiers and civilians to restore and maintain order.
Preventive Action Actions taken to prevent existing
disputes from escalating into conflict and to limit the spread of the latter
when they occur.
Military All organized
groups, regular and irregular, national and tribal, that use violence for political and social ends.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The challenges to establish and maintain
law, order, peace and security have preoccupied humanity since political
communities emerged on the surface of earth. (Stedman, 1991). These have been
occasioned by the manifestation of conflict as part of the feature of human
relations. (Stedman, 1991).
The need for peace and security has been
addressed with the creation of the state as a political community. The state
has carried out this task through government and its institutions to keep in
check the prosperity of man to express whatever disagreement there is through
violence. This is done for the most part, through the restraining power of the
law and sometimes through the use of force (Stedman, 1991).
At the level of relations among state where
the same need for peace and security which has challenged them internally is
found, the approach has been different State have had to employ common
mechanism to deal with the problem of conflict. A most enduring framework is
that of collective security which is expressed through Peace Supports Operation
(PSO), (United Nations, 50 years of United Nations: Notes for Speakers (New
York United Nations, 1995).
Dramatic events of the 1990s and the
subsequent collapse of the Warsaw Pact heralded profound changes in the
international security arena. With the collapse of Soviet Union, many nations’
armed forces have had to shift their institutional emphasis from fighting to
maintaining stability and to prevent fighting. With it also comes the need for
leaders and soldiers to participate extensively in operation designed to deter
wars, resolve conflicts, promote peace and support civil authorities in respond
to crisis (Azazi, 2009). Nigeria as a
member of United Nations (UN) has been one of the leading countries that
participated in PSOs in the world at large and Africa continent in particular.
This is in attainment of one of her foreign policy objectives (United Nations,
1995).
The Nigerian Army (NA) has participated in
UN peacekeeping missions where it was the third largest troop contributor after
Bangladesh and India. Due to its adherence to and contributions for UN peace
mission, Nigeria was voted into the UN security council (www.challengeforum.vet).
The election of Nigeria to African Union Peace
and Security Council and her being made its first chairman in 2004, is a confirmation
of her accomplishments and leadership roles. This is a confirmation of her
achievement due to her involvement in all conflict resolution processes since
the days of Organisations of African Union (OAU) (Akinrinade 2004).
NA personnel have operated with distinction
in Africa within the framework of ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), a fact that
is well known and accepted not only in the sub-region but in Africa and the
world at large (Vogt, 1993). The Ivorian experience contrasts with those of
Liberia and Sierra-Leone where Nigerian troops led peace operations which were
very effective in restoring security and stability to the 2 countries.
Despite the above brilliant contributions of
the NA to PSOs and its acknowledgement by the international community, its
participation has been faced with a lot of problems especially in the area of
manpower, training, and logistic. For its contributions to PSOs to be more
effective, these problems need to be addressed.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is an established fact that Nigerian
Armed forces has been in the fore front of preventing and resolving conflicts. This is done through PSOs globally, regionally
and sub-regional since Nigeria’s independence in 1960.
Experience from ECOMOG operations in
Liberia and Sierra –Leone as
well as the United Nation Assistance Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) and reports of other
operations like United Nations Operations in Congo (ONUC) and United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
(UNIFIL), it is evident that the problems of manpower, training and logistics
are the major bane confronting NA personnel in PSOs.
Based on the foregoing, this study shall
seek to proffer answers to the following:
a. What is the relationship between PSO and
the NA?
b. What
are the challenges encountered by the NA personnel in PSOs?
c. What are the prospects of NA personnel in
PSOs?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to
assess the problems and prospects of the NA personnel in PSOs by seeking to:
a. Examine the relationship between PSO and
the NA.
b. Ascertain the challenges of NA personnel in
PSOs.
c. Examine the prospects of NA personnel in
PSOs.
1.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTION
There has been a conventional notion that Nigeria’s
participation in PSOs has given her political and economic hegemony in West
Africa sub-region and Africa at large.
Despite logistics and manpower problems faced
by the NA personnel in PSOs, it has been able to restore, stabilize and
maintain peace globally, regionally and sub-regional through her involvement in
PSOs.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will attempt to come up with a
comprehensive analysis of NA in PSOs. It would help to further contribute to
the existing knowledge on NA in PSOs. Its findings would assist policy makers
at the defence and services headquarters, security organisations such as
Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) and State Security Service (SSS) in building
their intelligence database. It will assist the National Assembly in the
formulation of national security policy.
The study will serve as a veritable material
for students and researchers who may want to carry out further research on the
challenges and prospects of NA personnel in PSOs.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The participation of the NA in PSOs in
Africa has helped to ensure peace among nations within the continent. This
research work shall reflect other scholarly work on the prospects and challenges
of NA personnel in PSOs. It shall take
into cognisance the role of NA personnel in PSOs from 1990 to date as it relates
to the security of Africa. This work shall use primary and secondary sources of
materials.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This research work will be hindered by some
limitations. The key ones will be the use of secondary data to analyse the concept
of PSO. Although the data to be used will be derived from reputable individuals
and organisations, the authenticity of their findings might not be insulated
from bias.
The concept of PSO is intangible. Hence, the
empirical testing of the concepts may be relatively impossible. However this
shall not affect the quality of research carried out and the outcomes of the
findings.
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